Mitochondria-targeted metformins: anti-tumour and redox signalling mechanisms

Cysteine-mediated redox signalling in the mitochondria.

The mitochondria are critical mediators of cellular redox homeostasis due to their role in the generation and dissipation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Modulations in ROS/RNS levels in the mitochondria are often reflected through oxidation/nitrosation of highly redox-sensitive cysteine residues within this organelle. Oxidation/nitrosation of functional cysteines on mitochondria...

Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: cross-talk and redox signalling

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species change cellular responses through diverse mechanisms that are now being defined. At low levels, they are signalling molecules, and at high levels, they damage organelles, particularly the mitochondria. Oxidative damage and the associated mitochondrial dysfunction may result in energy depletion, accumulation of cytotoxic mediators and cell death. Understandin...

hedgehog signalling pathway: carcinogenesis and targeted therapy

hedgehog signalling pathway has not only a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue polarity at embryonic period but also has a vital role in stem cell proliferation, tissue healing and carcinogenesis. recent research has increased our understanding of this pathway and its relation to other signalling pathways. in addition, a large number of studies confirmed the alterati...

Neuroprotection and Anti-Epileptogenesis with Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant

Mitochondria and cell signalling.

Mitochondria have long been considered as crucial organelles, primarily for their roles in biosynthetic reactions such as ATP synthesis. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that mitochondria are intimately involved in cell signalling pathways. Mitochondria perform various signalling functions, serving as platforms to initiate cell signalling, as well as acting as transducers and effec...